a. The ancient Hominins moved from grassland of Africa to central and south Asia.
b. Farmers are made to migrate to Sumatra by the Indonesian government.
c. In Kenya, it is the men who mostly migrate to Mediterranean Africa.
d. Inter-urban movement is governed by economic factors.
2. Give one word answers for the following.
a. The people who leave their country to move to another country.
= Emigrants.
b. The animals that use only two legs for walking.
= Bipedal.
c. The diminishing human capital from the developing countries.
= Brain Drain.
d. The people who shift from their land due to floods, cyclone, earthquakes and other climate disasters.
= Climate refugees.
e. The money sent back to the home country from a foreign country.
= Remittance.
3. Distinguish between the following:
a) Difference between Short-term and Long-term migration:
=
Short-term migration |
Long-term migration |
i) It takes place to escape a disaster like flood, earthquake, cyclone or war or for occupational purposes. |
i) This type of migration takes place by the need of better occupational opportunities education of for better living and working condition. |
b) Difference between Forced and voluntary migration:
=
Forced migration |
Voluntary migration |
i) It happens during times up disaster or warfare. |
i) It happens from lowly developed countries to highly developed countries. |
ii) Climate change and rising of sea levels are the main reasons for forced migration. |
ii) For higher education and better job opportunities are the reasons for voluntary migration. |
c) Difference between Rural-Urban and Urban-Suburban migration:
=
Rural-Urban migration |
Urban-Suburban migration |
i) People migrate from village to city. |
i) People migrate from urban areas to rural areas. |
ii) This type of migration takes place for search of employment opportunities, higher incomes and better living facilities. |
ii) This type of migration takes place due to congestion, pollution and unhygienic living conditions. |
d) Difference between Internal and External migration:
=
Internal migration |
External migration |
i) A large number of people migrate from one state to another state within a country. |
i) Highly skilled people move from one country to another. |
ii) This type of migration takes place due to disturbed political, social, economic and climatic conditions. |
ii) This type of migration takes place due to better job opportunities. |
4. Answer the questions in one or two sentences:
a) Why did the early humans migrate? Which type of migration will you classify this into?
= Early humans migrated due to change in climatic conditions and environment.
This type of migration can be classified as Forced Migration.
b) Who are climate refugees? Explain the examples.
= Climate refugees move out their homes due to climatic catastrophes. For example, many people migrated from sinking South Pacific Islands to Australia and New Zealand.
c) State two factors that lead to internal and external migration.
= Two factors that lead to internal migration are -
disturbed social condition; and bad economic condition.
Two factors that lead to external migration are - better work opportunities; and better living conditions.
d) Enumerate the chief causes for the occurrence of rural to urban migration.
= The causes of of rural to urban migration are - search of employment opportunities, higher incomes and better living facilities.
e) Why do people tend to migrate from urban to suburban towns?
= People migrate from urban to suburban towns due to the growing congestion, pollution and unhygienic living conditions.
f) State the two factors that lead to rural to rural migrations.
= Two factors that lead to rural to rural migration are - better prospects for farmers in terms of irrigation; and extension of farmlands.
g) State two negative consequences of brain drain. How do the source countries benefit from it?
= Two negative consequences of brain drain are -
It is a huge economic loss for the country that the migrants leave.
The loss of skilled workers and professionals who are related to health and educational services is the outcome of brain drain.
The source countries benefit from it in the following way -
The skill that the migrants learn in foreign countries may be utilized for the benefit of the home country.
The migrants may send back the earnings to their own country for various reasons.
h) What are the consequences of brain drain faced by the destination country?
= The consequences of brain drain faced by the destination country are -
Migrants tend to take up the less desirable jobs.
The destination country gains skilled labourers at reduced cost.
Racial discrimination may surface as skilled migrants may take up a large part of the job market.
Increased numbers of people add to the pressure on resources, such as health services and education.
i) What are the cultural benefits associated with migration? Give examples.
= The cultural benefits associated with migration are -
Creation of a multi-ethnic society increases understanding of other cultures.
There is a influx of new revitalized providers of local services. For example the Turkish baths and local corner shops.
There is a growth of ethnic retailing and areas associated with ethnic food outlets. For example, the 'curry mile' in Rusholme, Manchester (UK).
5. Thought provoking questions:
a) Explain with example how external migration can be beneficial for the source countries.
= External migration can be beneficial for the source country. Sometimes the migrants may send back the earnings to their own country for various reasons, which may contribute to the economic growth of that country. This return of earnings to the home country is known as a remittance. Remittance for Mexico in 2011 was $24 million and for Philippines was $34 billion.
b) Enumerate ways in which the source countries can reverse brain drain.
=The skills and expertise that the migrants learn in the foreign countries may be utilized for the benefit of the home country. This way the source countries can reverse brain drain.
