Cleanliness and Hygiene
Fill in the blanks.
1. Always wear clean clothes.
2. Floss regularly to make sure that no food is stuck between the teeth.
3. Visit your dentist at least once in six months for a complete dental check-up.
4. We should wash our hair with a gentle shampoo.
Write T for True or F for False statements.
1. The diseases causing microorganism are called dirt. [F]
2. All drains that carry dirty water from homes and factories should be covered. [T]
3. The spread of communicable diseases occurs through air, water, food, and insects. [T]
4. There is no need to keep food covered. [F]
5. Non-biodegradable waste is collected in green dustbins. [F]
6. Recycle old things to create new ones so that less waste is thrown away. [T]
Section I
A. Choose the correct option.
1. Which of the following is not considered a good habit, for taking care of our body?
a. Bathe once in a month. [✓]
b. Always wear clean clothes. [ ]
c. Wash hands properly after using the toilet. [ ]
d. Wash hair regularly with a gentle shampoo. [ ]
2. Which of the following is a good habit, for taking care of our eyes?
a. Never rub the eyes with hands. [ ]
b. Splash clean and cold water to the eyes twice or thrice daily. [ ]
c. Consult an eye specialist in case of itchiness or redness of eyes. [ ]
d. All of these. [✓]
3. Dirty surroundings allows growth of disease causing microorganism like
a. Bacteria. [ ]
b. Fungi. [ ]
c. Protozoa. [ ]
d. All of these. [✓]
4. Unclean water for drinking may cause communicable diseases like
a. Measles. [ ]
b. Tuberculosis. [ ]
c. Jaundice. [✓]
d. Malaria. [ ]
5. Which of the following is an example of non-biodegradable waste?
a. Wood. [ ]
b. Fruit peel. [ ]
c. Paper. [ ]
d. Plastic bag. [ ]
B. Choose the correct option to fill in the blank.
1. We should clean our body to remove sweat (and/or) dirt.
2. We should (gloss/floss) our teeth regularly.
3. All localities must be supplied with (clean/unclean) drinking water.
4. (Typhoid/Tuberculosis) is spread through air.
5. For (biodegradable/non biodegradable) waste, we use blue dustbin.
C. Give two example of the following.
1. Personal cleanliness habits.
= Taking care of our teeth; Taking care of our eyes;
2. Communicable diseases that can spread through air.
= Measles; Common Cold;
3. Communicable diseases that are caused by drinking unclean water.
= Cholera; Typhoid;
4. Biodegradable wastes.
= Paper; Wood;
5. Non-bio-degradable wastes.
= Plastic bag; Glass;
D. Name the following.
1. The thing that we use to clean our tongue.
= Tongue cleaner.
2. The thing that is used to collect waste.
= Dustbin.
3. The disease that spreads from one person to another.
= Communicable Disease.
4. Waste material that does not decompose in the soil for several years.
= Non-biodegradable waste.
5. The three Rs of waste management.
= Reduce; Reuse; Recycle;
Section II
E. Short answer questions.
1. Why should we keep ourselves and our surroundings clean?
= We should keep ourselves and our surroundings clean to remain disease-free.
2. How can we take care of our body? (any three points)
= i) Take bath every day with clean water and soap.
ii) Use a clean towel to dry the water after bath.
iii) Always wear clean clothes. Change clothes every day.
3. Mention the correct procedure of washing our hands.
= i) Hold your hands under running water from a tap and wet them completely. You may use warm or cold water, but the water shouldn't be too hot. Apply soap and lather it well.
ii) Keep rubbing your hands for at least 20 seconds.
iii) Again hold your hands under running water from the tap and wash off the soap properly.
iv) Drag our hands using a clean or disposable towel, or an air dryer.
v) Turn off the tap.
4. How can we take care of our teeth? (any three points)
= i) Brush teeth twice every day - once in the morning, and once at night before going to sleep.
ii) Use a tongue cleaner to clean the tongue properly.
iii) Floss regularly to make sure that no food is stuck between the teeth.
5. If there is redness and itching in our eyes. What should we do?
= We should consult a doctor consult a doctor or an eye specialist.
6.What should we do to get rid off dandruff or lice?
= We should use a medicated shampoo as suggested by a doctor to get rid off dandruff or lice.
7. What are germs ? Where do they grow?
= The disease causing microorganisms are called germs.
They grow quickly in dirty water, garbage and polluted environment.
8. How does communicable diseases like diarrhoea spread through contaminated food?
= The germs stick to the bodies of flies that sit on the garbage. When these flies sit on any food items that have been left uncovered, the germs get passed on to the food and then enter the body of any person who eats this food. Eating uncovered and unhygienic food may cause severe stomach ache, diarrhoea, typhoid and food poisoning.
9. Mention any three ways of preventing communicable diseases.
= i) Use a handkerchief to cover mouth and nose while coughing and sneezing.
ii) Avoid coming in close contact with sick people.
iii) Avoid sharing personal things, such as handkerchiefs, towels, and clothes, with anyone who is sick.
10. What is vaccination?
= The process of giving vaccines is called vaccination.
11. Why is it important to separate biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes? How it is done?
= It is important to separate biodegradable waste and non-biodegradable waste so that they can be disposed properly. In many large cities, biodegradable wastes are collected in green dustbins, whereas non-biodegradable wastes are collected in blue dustbins. This makes it easy to distinguish between the two types of wastes.
F. Answer the following in details.
1. How can we take care of our eyes?
= To take care of our eyes, we should do the following:
i) Never rub the eyes with hands. The dirt in the hands may enter the eyes and cause infections.
ii) Clean the eyes twice or thrice daily by splashing clean cold water on them. This washes away all the dirt and dust in the eyes.
iii) Never put any cosmetic(such as kajal) in the eyes without making sure that they are safe to use.
iv) Consult a doctor or an eye specialist in case of itching or redness of eyes. Never ignore eye problems.
2. Why should we take care of our hair? Mention the ways to do it?
= Our hair catches dirt and dust and prevents them from reaching the scalp. However, it is important to clean this dirt and dust away regularly. Unclean hair causes itching of the scalp and infections such as dandruff. Dirty hair also attracts lice.
To take care of our hair, we should do the following:
i) Oil the hair once or twice a week using a good-quality oil, and massage gently with fingers. This prevents the scalp from becoming dry and also improves the circulation of blood in it.
ii) Wash hair regularly with a gentle shampoo.
iii) To get rid off dandruff and lice, use a medicated shampoo as suggested by a doctor.
iv) Comb and brush hair regularly to keep neat and tidy.
v) Preferably, cover the head with cloth or cap when going outside to prevent dust and dirt from sticking to the hair.
3. How does unclean surroundings and lack of personal hygiene contribute to the spread of diseases?
= Dirty surroundings allow the growth of several dangerous and disease-causing microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. These microorganisms grow quickly in dirty water, garbage, and polluted environment. They may enter our bodies and our homes and cause various diseases. These disease-causing microorganisms are called germs.
4. Mention the different types of waste that is created by human activities.
= Waste is created because of various human activities. Waste can be in solid, liquid, or gaseous form. It is divided into two main categories - biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste.
Biodegradable waste - Waste materials that can be decomposed by microorganisms over a period of time such that they become a part of the soil are called biodegradable wastes. Peels of fruits and vegetables, parts of plants, paper and wood are examples of biodegradable waste.
Non-biodegradable waste - Waste materials that do not get decomposed and stay unchanged over time are called non-biodegradable wastes. Different kinds of plastic, metal and glass are examples of non-biodegradable waste.
5. What are the problems caused when waste is not dumped properly?
= i) Biodegradable waste that is not dumped properly decomposes in the open, that leads to bad smell in the surroundings. It also attracts flies, mosquitoes, and rats which then spread several diseases.
ii) Non-biodegradable waste such as plastic bags and glass do not mix with the soil over time. They may slowly release poisonous substances that contaminate the soil. They also stop rainwater from going down into the Earth. Stray animals such as dogs and cows may eat plastic bags and fall ill.
iii) Dirty water and other liquid wastes that are released from homes and industries, pollute water sources and cause diseases.
iv) Smoke and other harmful gases that are released from factories cause pollution of air. Burning of wastes also cause a lot of smoke to get release into the air.
6. Mention the best way to manage waste, in detail.
= The best way to manage non-biodegradable waste is to follow the three Rs of waste management - Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.
i) Reduce: - The creation of non-biodegradable waste by following practices such as carrying a cloth bag when going for shopping instead of taking plastic bags from the shopkeeper. We should also buy things with the least amount of packing to reduce the generation of waste.
ii) Reuse: - Old things for other purposes instead of throwing them away. For example, we can reuse empty metal and glass jars to store different things in our homes.
iii) Recycle: - Old things to create new ones so that less waste is thrown away. For example, objects made from metal, glass, and some kinds of plastic may be reduced to create new things. In our country, waste pickers and kabariwalas (scrap dealers) play an important role in recycling. Wastes from garbage dumps, where as kabariwalas go from home to home buying recyclable wastes such as mental and glass objects, and also old newspapers, magazines and books.