Nationalism in Europe
(Longman Pearson)
I. Fill in the blanks.
1. In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte became the Emperor of France.
2. The message of liberty and equality was spread among the European nations by Napoleon's army.
3. The representatives of various European countries came together in a Congress which was held in Vienna to reshape the map of Europe.
4. Bismarck's policy of war and conquest was popularly known as Blood and Iron policy.
5. Under the regime of the Prussian ruler Kaiser William I Germany was united.
6. The kingdoms of Piedmont and Sardinia were ruled by Victor Emmanuel II.
7. The unification of Italy was completed in the year 1871.
8. The four great men from Italy who played an important role in the unification of Italy were Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuel II, and his minister, Count Camillo di Cavour.
9. The Franco-Prussian war began in the year 1870.
10. The dispute between the Pope and the Italian government was finally resolved with the Lateran Treaty.
11. After the Napoleonic conquests, thirty-nine German states formed a confederacy called the Confederation of Rhine.
12. The Treaty of Adrianople was signed in the year 1829.
13. In 1815, Napoleon returned to France as the emperor for a period of hundred days.
14. Napoleon III was the ruler of France who promised to help Italy against Austria in the Crimean War.
II. Choose the correct option.
1. Napoleon was responsible for introducing a number of reforms in France between ______ and 1804.
a. 1789. [ ]
b. 1800. [ ]
c. 1799. [✓]
d. 1795. [ ]
2. Belgium became a separate country in ______ .
a. 1800. [ ]
b. 1820. [ ]
c. 1825. [ ]
d. 1831. [✓]
3. The Treaty of Adrianople was signed in ______ .
a. 1829. [✓]
b. 1821. [ ]
c. 1830. [ ]
d. 1840. [ ]
4. The southern states joined the German confederation in ______ .
a. 1860. [ ]
b. 1870. [ ]
c. 1871. [✓]
d. 1872. [ ]
5. The Roman Question was settled by the _____ Treaty.
a. Zamora. [ ]
b. Melfi. [ ]
c. Lateran. [✓]
d. Jaffa. [ ]
III. Answer these questions.
1. What was the contribution of the Napoleonic conquests in the rise of nationalism?
= Napoleon's conquests helped in the spread of the ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity to the European nations. Wherever Napoleon and his army went they carried with them the idea of liberty and equality. In the territories occupied by Napoleon, despotic governments were overthrown, feudalism was abolished and the French republican model was replicated. These changes created awareness among the people for personal freedom and equality.
2. What was the role of Bismarck in the unification of Germany?
= Prussia was the most powerful German state. The Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck played an important role in the German unification movement. Metternich, the Chancellor of Austria, was against the unification of Germany. However, Bismarck was successful in persuading Kaiser William I, the ambitious ruler of Prussia, for the unification of Germany and efforts were made towards it.
The German unification was achieved through a long struggle against external and internal odds. Prussia formed the nucleus for the unification. Bismarck, the mastermind of this achievement, realised that the unification could be achieved only through war and conquest. His policy was popularly understood as the Blood and Iron policy.
3. Who was against the unification of Germany? Why?
= Metternich, the Chancellor of Austria, was against the unification of Germany.
He was against the unification as the unified Germany would be stronger and more of a threat to Austria.
4. Why is Bismarck called the 'Iron Man of Germany'?
= Soon after the unification, Bismarck started many industries and introduced various reforms in the field of education, science, commerce and industry. Hence, Bismarck was rightly called the Iron Man of Germany.
5. Explain the course of events that led to the unification of Italy.
= Italy enjoyed undisputed leadership of Europe when it was the Holy Roman Empire. But after the Renaissance and Reformation, it lost its old glory. The Congress of Vienna partitioned Italy into many small states. They were either directly ruled or strongly influenced by the prevailing European powers, particularly Austria.
The important states of Italy - Venetia and Lombardy - were under the control of the Habsburg Empire of Austria. The Papal States of Rome - Romagna and Urbino - were ruled by the Pope. Naples and Sicily in the south were restored to Ferdinand I of Sardinia. Piedmont and Sardinia were the only kingdoms ruled by Victor Emmanuel II, an Italian prince.
The people of Italy longed to be united under one king. But all the attempts for unification were ruthlessly supressed by France and Austria.
6. What was the Roman Question?
= The Italians accepted Victor Emmanuel II as their king. The Italian parliament passed the Law of Guarantees. The authority of the Pope was confined to the Vatican City. The Pope was given power to continue his political and religious activity only in the Vatican City. But this was opposed by the papacy ?(office of Pope). The dispute between the Pope and the Italian government was popularly known as the Roman Question.
7. Discuss the role of Count Cavour in the unification of Italy.
= Victorian Emmanuel II was an Italian ruler of the small island of Sardinia and Piedmont. Count Cavour was his Prime Minister, was an intelligent and diplomatic leader who catapulted Piedmont to a position of leadership in the process of unification. He enjoyed complete support of the king and the people in unifying Italy.
Count Cavour suggested a plan to Victor Emmanuel II to join France and Britain against Russia in the Crimean War, which broke out in 1854.
8. Name the leaders who played the main role in the unification of Italy.
= The leaders who played the main role in the unification of Italy are Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuel II, and his minister, Count Camillo di Cavour.
9. Do you think that the unification of Italy and Germany gave a new meaning to nationalism? Give reasons for your answer.
= Yes, I think that the unification of Italy and Germany gave a new meaning to nationalism. Soon after the unification, Bismarck started many industries and introduced various reforms in the field of education, science, commerce and industry.
The debate over the Roman Question was finally settled by Benito Mussolini by signing the Lateran Treaty in the twentieth century. According to this treaty, the Pope was given absolute sovereignty over the Vatican City.
10. Who was Victor Emmanuel II?
= Victorian Emmanuel II was an Italian ruler of the small island of Sardinia and Piedmont.
11. State the changes that took place in Italy after its unification.
= After the unification of Italy the debate over the Roman Question was finally settled by Benito Mussolini by signing the Lateran Treaty in the twentieth century. According to this treaty, the Pope was given absolute sovereignty over the Vatican City.
12. How was the Roman Question resolved?
= The debate over the Roman Question was finally settled by Benito Mussolini by signing the Lateran Treaty in the twentieth century. According to this treaty, the Pope was given absolute sovereignty over the Vatican City.
13. What happened at the Congress of Vienna?
= A congress of the representatives of various European countries was held in Vienna to reshape the map of Europe by re-administering the vast empire of Napoleon. The Vienna Settlement marked the advent of the nationalism in Europe.
After the Napoleonic conquests, the German states were united to form a loose confederacy of thirty-nine states called the Confederation of the Rhine. The Vienna Settlement recognised the confederation of thirty-nine states with Austria as the leader. The struggle to unite all German states, including those under Austria and Prussia, began.
14. What were the political divisions in Italy before the unification began?
= Italy enjoyed undisputed leadership of Europe when it was the Holy Roman Empire. But after the Renaissance and Reformation, it lost its old glory. The Congress of Vienna partitioned Italy into many small states. They were either directly ruled or strongly influenced by the prevailing European powers, particularly Austria.
The important states of Italy - Venetia and Lombardy - were under the control of the Habsburg Empire of Austria. The Papal States of Rome - Romagna and Urbino - were ruled by the Pope. Naples and Sicily in the south were restored to Ferdinand I of Sardinia. Piedmont and Sardinia were the only kingdoms ruled by Victor Emmanuel II, an Italian prince.
15. List the wars under taken by Kaiser William I and Bismarck which created conditions for German unification.
= Between 1864 and 1870, Prussia, under the Kaiser William I and Bismarck, led confederation of German states in three short, victorious wars.
❐ War with Denmark (1864)
❐ The Austro-Prussian War (1866)
❐ The Franco-Prussian War (1870)
These wars created the conditions for the unification of Germany.
16. What role did the French Revolution play in awakening the spirit of nationalism among people?
= The revolutionary ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity had taken hold of the minds of the people after the French Revolution. Napoleon's conquests helped in the spread of the ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity to the European nations. Wherever Napoleon and his army went they carried with them the idea of liberty and equality. In the territories occupied by Napoleon, despotic governments were overthrown, feudalism was abolished and the French republican model was replicated. These changes created awareness among the people for personal freedom and equality.
17. What was the Confederation of the Rhine?
= After the Napoleonic conquests, the German states were united to form a loose confederacy of thirty-nine states called the Confederation of the Rhine.
IV. Write short notes.
1. Napoleonic Code.
= Napoleon was also responsible for introducing a series of reforms between 1799 and 1804. His most important contribution was the codification of French laws into the Napoleonic Code on which the current French legal system is based. The Napoleonic code granted:
❐ freedom of religion.
❐ a uniform law code.
❐ equal social and legal status. and
❐ property rights.
2. Vatican City.
= The Vatican City is the smallest country in the world. As of 2011, the number of people with Vatican citizenship was 594. Pope Francis was appointed to the office on 13 March 2013.
3. Congress of Vienna.
= Italy enjoyed undisputed leadership of Europe when it was the Holy Roman Empire. But after the Renaissance and Reformation, it lost its old glory. The Congress of Vienna partitioned Italy into many small states. They were either directly ruled or strongly influenced by the prevailing European powers, particularly Austria.
4. Roman Question.
= The Italians accepted Victor Emmanuel II as their king. The Italian parliament passed the Law of Guarantees. The authority of the Pope was confined to the Vatican City. The Pope was given power to continue his political and religious activity only in the Vatican City. But this was opposed by the papacy ?(office of Pope). The dispute between the Pope and the Italian government was popularly known as the Roman Question.
V. Match the columns.
=
|
1. Kaiser William I |
a. Italian ruler. [2] |
|
2. Victor Emmanuel II |
b. Prussian ruler. [1] |
|
3. Bismarck |
c. Battle of Waterloo. [4] |
|
4. Napoleon |
d. Roman Question. [5] |
|
5. Mussolini |
e. Chancellor of Prussia. [3] |
VI. State whether true or false.
1. Napoleonic Code did not allow liberty to people. [F]
2. The Confederation of Rhine was formed by the thirty-nine German states. [T]
3. Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo. [T]
4. Victor Emmanuel II played a crucial role in the unification of Germany. [F]
5. Count Cavour strengthened the position of Piedmont during the unification of Italy. [T]