Kingdom Classification I
Exercises
SECTION I
A. Name the following.
1. The highest rank in classification.
= Kingdom;
2. Act of putting organisms into groups, based on their characteristics.
= Taxonomy;
3. Cells that lack a well-defined nucleus.
= Prokaryotic Cells;
4. The system of giving two names to an organism.
= Binomial Nomenclature;
5. The kingdom comprising of prokaryotes.
= Monera;
6. A unicellular fungi.
= Yeasts;
7. The vitamins produced by friendly bacteria that live in the human intestine.
= E. Coli;
8. False feet in Amoeba.
= Pseudopodia;
B. Choose the correct option.
1. Which of the following is the lowest level in the classification system?
a. Species. [✓]
b. Kingdom. [ ]
c. Family. [ ]
d. Order. [ ]
2. Which of the following is a autotroph?
a. Fungi. [ ]
b. Algae. [✓]
c. Amoeba. [ ]
d. Rhizobium. [ ]
3. Which kingdom comprises unicellular organisms with a well-defined nucleus?
a. Protista. [✓]
b. Plantae. [ ]
c. Animalia. [ ]
d. Monera. [ ]
4. Under unfavourable conditions, Amoeba reproduces by
a. Regeneration. [ ]
b. Binary fission. [ ]
c. Multiple fission. [✓]
d. Budding. [ ]
5. A symbiotic bacterium is
a. E. Coli. [ ]
b. Lactobacillus. [ ]
c. Clostridium. [ ]
d. Rhizobium. [✓]
C. State whether the following statements are true or false. If false, rewrite the correct statement by changing the first or last word/s.
1. The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is saprozoic. [F]
= The mode of nutrition in Amoeba is holozoic.
2. In Homo sapiens, Homo refers to name of species. [F]
= In Homo sapiens, Homo refers to name of genus.
3. Vaccines are weakened or killed germs. [T]
4. Amoeba is an eukaryote. [T]
5. A network of hyphae is called mycelium. [T]
6. Mosses and ferns do not bear flowers. [T]
7. Cycas is a flower-bearing plant. [F]
= Cycas is a cone-bearing plant.
=
|
Column A |
Column B |
|---|---|
|
1. Rhizopus |
a. Symbiotic Bacteria. [3] |
|
2. Penicillin |
b. Parasite. [3] |
|
3. Rhizobium |
c. Cone bearing. [5] |
|
4. Entamoeba |
d. Antibiotic. [2] |
|
5. Pine |
e. Fungus. [1] |
|
|
f. Flower bearing |
|
|
g. Angiosperm. |
E. State the function/use of the following.
1. Flagella.
= Helps in locomotion.
2. Vaccine.
= Develops immunity in the body against infectious diseases.
3. Pseudopodia.
= Helps the protists(Amoeba, Paramoecium, Euglena) to move.
4. Yeast.
= Yeast is widely used in the baking industry to make bread, pizza base, cakes, and other wheat-based products. It is also used to produce alcoholic beverages, such as wine and beer, by fermentation of various plant parts.
5. Lactobacillus.
= Lactobacillus is used domestically for converting milk into curd. It is also used commercially, along with Streptococcus, to ferment milk and prepare cheese. Lactobacillus and acetic acid bacteria are used in food industry for picking and fermenting food products.
F. Choose the odd one from the following sets and give reasons for the same.
1. Paramoecium, Amoeba, Lactobacillus, Euglena.
= Lactobacillus is from Kingdom Monera. But the other three are from Kingdom Protista.
2. Cilia, flagella, hyphae, pseudopodia.
= Hyphae is the long multicellular filament like structure of the body of Fungi. The other three are the parts of the body of the Protists which help them in locomotion.
3. Moss, mould, mushroom, yeast.
= Yeast belongs to Kingdom Fungi. The other three belong to the Kingdom Plantae.
4. Liverwort, fern, algae, Amoeba.
= Amoeba belongs to Kingdom Protista and they are Heterotrophic. The other three belong to Kingdom Plantae and they are autotrophic.
5. Pine, mango, Cycas, fir.
= Mango is flower-bearing plant. The other three are cone-bearing plants.
6. Ingestion, digestion, respiration, assimilation.
= Respiration is not the step of Amoeboid nutrition. The other three are the steps of Amoeboid nutrition.
G. Complete the following by filling the blanks numbered 1-5 with the appropriate term.
Protists are 1. eukaryotic (prokaryotic/eukaryotic) containing a well-defined nucleus in their cells. While 2. Amoeba (Euglena/Amoeba) moves with the help of pseudopodia, Paramoecium has hair-like structures all over its body called 3. cilia (cilia/flagella). Entamoeba is a 4. parasitic (saprophytic/parasitic) protist causing amoebiasis. 5. Euglena (Chlamydomonas/Euglena) is a unique protist, which is both autotrophic and heterotrophic.
SECTION II
H. Define the following terms.
1. Eukaryote.
= Organisms made of eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes. They have a well-defined and membrane-bound nucleus. Numerous membrane-bound organelles are also present.
2. Heterotroph.
= The organisms which cannot make its own food and depends upon other organisms are called heterotrophs. Most protists, fungi, and all animals are heterotrophs.
3. Binary fission.
= Binary fission occurs when conditions, such as availability of food, are favourable to Amoeba. In this method, the nucleus first divides into two equal parts and then the cytoplasm splits from the middle, giving rise to two daughter cells. These daughter cells grow and split in the same manner, producing new cells.
4. Mycelium.
= Most fungi contain a vegetative body made up of a number of long, multicellular, filament-like structures called hyphae. A network of such hyphae is called mycelium.
5. Dicots.
= Plants with seeds having two cotyledons are called dicotyledonous plants or dicots.
I. Differentiate between the following based on what is given in the bracket.
1. Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. (nuclear region)
= Prokaryotic cells do not have a well-defined nucleus, i.e., the DNA, which is their nuclear material, lies freely in the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic cells have a well-defined, membrane-bound nucleus.
2. Autotrophic bacteria and saprophytic bacteria. (definition)
= Autotrophic bacteria make their own food by using inorganic compounds or sunlight as a source of energy.
Saprophytic bacteria derive nutrition from dead decaying organic material.
3. Binary fission and multiple fission. (number of offspring produced)
= In Binary fission, two offspring are produced. In Multiple fission, several offspring are produced.
4. Mosses and ferns. (body structure)
= Mosses' body bear thread-like structure. Fern's body has distinct roots, stem, and leaves.
5. Dicots and monocots. (example)
= Examples of dicots are - Mango, Pea, Almond, Cashew etc.
Examples of monocots are - Rice, Wheat, Corn, Maize etc.
J. Give two examples of each of the following.
1. Bacteria.
= Lactobacillus and Streptomyces;
2. Algae.
= Spirogyra and Chlamydomonas;
3. Fungi.
= Yeast and Rhizopus;
4. Protists.
= Amoeba and Paramoecium;
5. Fungal diseases.
= Ringworm and Oral thrush;
K. Short answer questions.
1. List all the levels of biological classification of organisms from lowest to highest.
= All the levels of biological classification of organisms from lowest to highest are - Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, and Kingdom.
2. What is classification?
= Classification is the process of putting organisms into groups, based on their characteristics.
3. Name the five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker.
= The five kingdoms proposed by Whittaker are - Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
4. Name one free living and one symbiotic bacteria.
= Name one free living bacteria is Clostridium and one symbiotic bacteria is Rhizobium.
5. What are antibiotics?
= Antibiotics are chemical substances obtained from microbes, including bacteria, which inhabit the growth of other diseases-causing microorganisms.
6. How does Paramoecium locomote?
= Paramoecium has hair-like structures called cilia scattered all over its body, which help it to move.
7. Give any two features of ferns.
= Ferns are terrestrial plants that have distinct roots, stems, and leaves.
These plants have simple conducting tissues for transporting water and food.
8. How does Amoeba ingest its food?
= When an Amoeba senses food, it develops pseudopodia in the direction of the food particle. The pseudopodia engulf the food particle and fuse over it to form a food vacuole in the cytoplasm.
9. State two features of the kingdom Plantae.
= Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellular organisms that are autotrophic in their mode of nutrition.
They contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which helps them to make their own food by the process of photosynthesis.
L. Long answer questions.
1. What is binomial nomenclature? What are the rules of binomial nomenclature?
= Carolus Linnaeus introduce the system of naming every organism by assigning two names, a generic name and a specific name. This system is called the binomial nomenclature.
The rules of binomial nomenclature are:
❐ According to this system, every organism is assigned two names, a generic name and a specific name.
❐ The first name is the genus name and begins with a capital letter. The second name is the species name and begins with a small letter.
❐ Both the names are mostly written in Latin. For example, the scientific name for human beings in Homo sapiens.
❐ Scientific names are always printed in italics. If handwritten, the two names are underlined separately.
2. State the advantages of classifying the living organisms.
= Classification of organisms is helpful in the following ways:
❐ It helps in identifying organisms and categorizing them into groups.
❐ It makes the study of living organisms easier. It helps to name, remember, and easily study about the different organisms.
❐ It helps to recognize the relationships among various groups of organisms.
❐ It helps to trace common features between organisms, and chart their evolutionary history.
❐ It provides information about plants and animals living in different geographical regions.
❐ It helps in understanding how complex organisms must have evolved from simpler ones.
❐ It also serves as a base for studying other related sciences, such as environmental biology, biogeography, and ecology.
3. Bacteria and Amoeba are single celled organisms, yet they are placed in different kingdoms. Justify.
= Bacteria and Amoeba are single celled organisms, yet they are placed in different kingdoms. As Bacteria has prokaryotic cells and on the other hand, Amoeba has eukaryotic cells.
All bacterial cells are prokaryotic. As such, the nuclear material is not enclosed within a nuclear membrane and it lies freely within the cytoplasm. The bacterial cells lack cell organelles.
Amoebas are eukaryotes, i.e., their cells contain a well-defined prominent nucleus. The cells also contain several membrane-bound cell organelles, such as mitochondria and Golgi body.
4. Describe the criteria on which Whittaker's five kingdoms have been classified.
= In the year 1969, R.H. Whittaker proposed a five kingdom classification of living organisms. Whittaker organized all living organisms into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. This system of classifying organisms is widely accepted and is based on the following criteria:
❐ Complexity of cell structure:
(Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organization of cells): Prokaryotic cells do not have a well-defined nucleus, i.e., the DNA, which is their nuclear material, lies freely in the cytoplasm. Such cells also do not possess membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, have a well-defined, membrane-bound nucleus, along with nucleolus and chromatin lying in its nucleoplasm. Numerous membrane-bound organelles are also present.
❐ Complexity of body organization:
(Unicellularity and multicellularity): Organisms made up of a single cell are called unicellular organisms. In such organisms, a single cell is capable of carrying out life functions, such as nutrition, respiration, and excretion. Example:- Amoeba, Euglena, Yeast etc.
Organisms made up of many cells are called multicellular organisms. Examples:- all the plants and animals.
❐ Mode of Nutrition:
There are two modes of nutrition: Autotrophic and Heterotrophic nutrition.
Autotrophic Nutrition: It is a type of nutrition in which the organism makes its own from from organic substances present in the environment. Plants, algae and some bacteria are autotrophs.
Heterotrophic nutrition: It is a type of nutrition in which the organism can not make its own food and depends upon other organisms for food to survive. Most protists, fungi, and all animals are heterotrophs.
5. Explain the different modes of nutrition in protists.
= Nutrition in protists can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic.
❐ Autotrophic protists: Euglena is a unique protist, as it can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic according to its need for nutrition. It uses its chloroplasts to produce food through photosynthesis. However, in the absence of sunlight, it becomes heterotrophic.
❐ Heterotrophic protists: Paramoecium and Amoeba are heterotrophic protists. They feed on microscopic organisms, such as bacteria and algae.
❐ Parasitic protists: Some protists are parasitic, i.e., they derive their nutrition from other organisms. Parasitic protists generally cause diseases in animals, including human beings. Plasmodium is a parasitic protist that causes malaria in human beings; Entamoeba causes amoebiasis.
6. Mention three ways each by which bacteria and fungi cause harm.
= Harmful bacteria: Bacteria can be harmful in a variety of ways mentioned below:
❐ Spoilage of food: Some bacteria grow on days old vegetables and fruits, even meat, bread, and other perishable food items. The food items get spoilt and become unfit for human consumption.
❐ Food Poisoning: Some bacteria produce certain harmful chemicals, called toxins, in food. When such food items, containing toxins are consumed, food poisoning occurs. Clostridium botulinum is a common bacterium that infects canned food.
❐ Disease-causing bacteria: Many bacteria are known to cause several diseases in plants, animals, and humans. Such organisms that causes diseases are called pathogens.
Harmful fungi:
Fungi are also known to be harmful:
❐ Food spoilage: Moulds grow on moist food substances, such as bread, fruits, vegetables, and spoil food products. They release toxins within the food, which, if ingested, can cause serious food poisoning.
❐ Spoilage of non-food substances: Fungi cause spoilage and ultimately destruction of non-food substances, such as textile, wool, paper, furniture, and even shoes. They grow on damp cloth and leather and damage our clothes and shoes.
❐ Diseases and decay: Toadstool is a mushroom-like fungi that is mistakenly eaten as food. Toadstool can be harmful to the health of an animal, possibly resulting in death. Polyporus is a type of fungi that can cause the decay of standing trees and even timberwood. Fungi, such as moulds, mildew, smut, and rust, cause diseases in plants. They can destroy whole fields of crops. Fungi can also Athlete's foot, Oral thrush, and ringworm.
7. Draw neat and labelled diagrams of bacteria and Amoeba.
=
8. Describe the different groups of non-flowering plants.
= Plants that do not bear flowers or seeds are called non-flowering plants. They reproduce mostly by means of spores. Plants of this group are further of three types, based on the complexity of the plant body: algae, liverworts and mosses and ferns.
❐ Algae: These are simple, mostly aquatic plants, characterized by an undifferentiated plant body called thallus. Algae do not bear roots, stems, or leaves. They also lack tissues for conducting water.
❐ Liverworts and mosses: Liverworts have a simple body, consisting of a leaf-like structure, called thallus, that spreads over the ground. They have thread-like structures, called rhizoids, that anchor them to the ground. Marchantia is an example of liverwort.
Mosses are small, soft terrestrial plants that grow in damp areas forming a velvety green layer.
Although the plant body does not have true roots, stems, or leaves, it does have root-like, stem-like, and leaf-like appendages. The plant body bears thread-like structures, called rhizoids, by which it is fixed into the soil. These plants lack conducting tissues for transporting food and water.
❐ Ferns: Ferns are terrestrial plants that have distinct roots, stems, and leaves. These plants have simple conducting tissues for transporting water and food. The leaves of ferns are called fronds.
PICTURE STUDY
1. The figure below shows an organism belonging to Kingdom Fungi. Study the same and answer the following questions.
a. Identify the organism. State two of its characteristic features.
= The organism is Rhizopus.
Two of its characteristic features are -
Rhizopus is a fungus that grows on organic matter, such as stale bread or rotting fruit.
They may also grow on other household items, such as leather, damp clothes, and paper.
b. Label the parts numbered 1,2, and 3.
=
1 - Sporangium;
2 - Spores;
3 - Sporangiophore;
c. How does this organism obtain its nutrition?
= Rhizopus is saprophytic and depends on nutrients from dead or decaying material.
The hyphae of the fungus function as microscopic tubes that spread throughout the organic medium on which it grows. These hyphae penetrate the organic material, such as stale food and pickles, and secrete enzymes into it. The enzymes digest the food particles into simpler, easily absorbable nutrients, which are easily taken up by the hyphae.
d. What will happen to part labelled 2 after being liberated?
= The liberated spores germinate on a favourable organic medium and grow into new individuals.
2. Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follow.
a. What is the woody structure shown in the above picture called?
= The woody structure shown in the above picture is called pine cone.
b. Name the plant and state whether it bears the following:
= The plant name is Pine.
a. Flower.
= No;
b. Seed.
= Yes;
c. Fruit.
= No;
c. Name another plant with similar features and belonging to the same category.
= Cycas;
3. Given below is the figure of an organism belonging to the Kingdom Protista. Study the figure and answer the questions that follow.
a. Name the organism in the figure.
= Amoeba.
b. Label the parts denoted as 1, 2, 3, and 4.
=
1 - Plasma Membrane;
2 - Nucleus;
3 - Pseudopodia;
4 - Food Vacuole;
c. What is the function of the part labelled as 3?
= Pseudopodia helps in locomotion.
d. How does exchange of gases occur in this organism?
= Exchange of gases in Amoeba occurs by diffusion through the cell membrane.