Health and Hygiene
Exercises
SECTION I
A. Name the following.
1. Disease-causing microbes.
= Germs;
2. The state of physical, mental, and social well being.
= Health;
3. Practices that help in maintaining the health of an individual or community.
= Hygiene;
4. A protozoan infection caused due to contaminated food and water.
= Amoebic Dysentery;
5. An organism that can decompose waste.
= Bacteria;
B. Choose the correct option.
1. Organisms that carry germs inside their body and transmit them to the body of a healthy person are called
a. insects. [ ]
b. mosquitoes. [ ]
c. flies. [ ]
d. vectors. [✓]
2. Which of the following is transmitted by the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito?
a. Dengue. [ ]
b. Cholera. [ ]
c. Malaria. [✓]
d. Influenza. [ ]
3. Which of the following is a non-communicable disease?
a. Filariasis. [ ]
b. Typhoid. [ ]
c. Polio. [ ]
d. Anaemia. [✓]
4. Lack of intake of iodine in the diet can cause
a. scurvy. [ ]
b. anaemia. [ ]
c. goitre. [✓]
d. rickets. [ ]
5. Disease caused due to lack of one or more essential nutrients in the diet is called
a. malnutrition. [✓]
b. metabolic disease. [ ]
c. communicable disease. [ ]
d. deficiency disease. [ ]
C. Write T for true and F for false. Correct the false statements by changing the first or last word(s) only.
1. Common cold is spread through droplet infection. [T]
2. Female Anopheles is a disease-causing organism. [F]
= Female Anopheles is a disease-causing vector.
3. Fracture of limbs are the symptoms of polio. [F]
= Fracture of limbs are the symptoms of rickets.
4. We should recycle wastes in order to reduce their amount. [F]
= We should recycle wastes in order to reduce the generation of wastes.
5. Blue bins are meant for disposing biodegradable waste. [F]
= Green bins are meant for disposing biodegradable waste.
D. Choose the odd one out and give reasons for your choice.
1. Rickets, Goitre, Tuberculosis, Scurvy.
= Odd - Tuberculosis; It is bacterial infection. The others are deficiency disease.
2. Cholera, Polio, Chicken pox, Rabies.
= Odd - Cholera; It is bacterial infection. The others are viral infection.
3. Beriberi, Scurvy, Goitre, Night blindness.
= Odd - Goitre, It is mineral deficiency disease. The others are vitamin deficiency disease.
4. Diabetes, Kidney failure, Heart disease, Anaemia.
= Odd - Anaemia, It is deficiency disease. The others are metabolic disease.
5. Metal cans, Glass bottles, Vegetable peels, Plastics.
= Odd - Vegetable peels. It is biodegradable waste. The others are non-biodegradable waste.
E. Write any one symptom of the following diseases.
1. Malaria.
= Severe fever with chills.
2. Conjunctivitis.
= Redness in cornea of eye, itching, dryness, thick yellow discharge form eyes.
3. Cholera.
= Frequent diarrhoea and vomiting of clear liquid; dehydration, muscle cramps.
4. Dengue.
= Headache, fever, joint pain.
5. Rabies.
= Fear of water (hydrophobia).
F. Match the items in Column A with that which is most appropriate in Column B. Rewrite the matching pairs.
=
|
Column A |
Column B |
|---|---|
|
1. Virus |
a. Bite of the Aedes mosquito. [2] |
|
2. Dengue |
b. Diseases. [1] |
|
3. Common Cold |
c. Worm. [4] |
|
4. Ascariasis |
d. Bite of the female Anopheles mosquito. [5] |
|
5. Malaria |
e. Germ. [ ] |
|
|
f. Droplet infection. [3] |
SECTION II
G. Give reasons for the following.
1. Cholera and typhoid are communicable diseases.
= Cholera and typhoid are communicable diseases because both of them are transmitted through contaminated food and water.
2. A handkerchief must be used to cover our nose while sneezing.
= A handkerchief must be used to cover our nose while sneezing because this will prevent transmission of germs and stop spreading of communicable diseases.
3. Maintain community hygiene is important to lead a healthy life.
= Maintain community hygiene is important to lead a healthy life because when we follow the rules of personal hygiene, our body becomes clean and free of germs.
4. Anaemia cannot be spread from one person to another by shaking hands.
= Anaemia cannot be spread from one person to another by shaking hands because is not a communicable disease. Rather it is a deficiency disease.
5. Vermicomposting can help enriching the soil fertility.
= Vermicomposting can help enriching the soil fertility because when earthworms are added into this heap, they speed up the decomposition of organic matter.
H. Differentiate between the following based on the criteria given in the bracket.
1. Disease and health. (definition)
= A disease is a state in which the body, or a part of it, deviates from normal functioning and experiences discomfort. Disease can lead to unhealthy conditions in the body.
On the other hand, health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being of an individual.
2. Germ and vector. (example)
= Example of germ are - bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
Examples of vectors are - mosquito, flies, etc.
3. Deficiency disease and metabolic disease. (Cause)
= Cause of deficiency disease is the lack of one or more essential nutrients in the diet.
Cause of metabolic disease is the malfunctioning of an organ or an organ system, or by the imbalance of certain control and coordination mechanisms.
4. Goitre and rickets. (Symptoms)
= Symptoms of goitre is swollen thyroid glands, mental disability and dwarfism.
Symptoms of rickets is deformed bones of legs, weakened and soft bones.
5. Chicken pox and cholera. (Causative organism)
= The causative of chicken pox is skin.
The causative of cholera is gastrointestinal tract.
I. Explain the following.
1. Droplet infection.
= Diseases such as common cold and flu spread through droplet infection. The germs responsible for these diseases are present in the nasal passage of the infected person. When that person sneezes or coughs, the germs are released into the air along with mucus and saliva droplets. The germs infect another person who inhales this air.
2. Composting.
= Biodegradable wastes generated from our homes can be recycled to from compost. Compost is an organic material, which can be used as a fertilizer to enrich the soil and grow healthy plans in it.
Composting is done by collecting biodegradable green waste and putting them into a pit or a bucket in a layer. This layer is then covered with another layer of moist soil. Over a couple of months, due to the action of the decomposers, the organic waste breaks down into simple nutrients and turns into useful manure, ready to be used in the garden for growing healthy plants.
3. Malnutrition.
= Food eaten on a regular basis forms a diet. A balanced diet is one that contains all the five nutrients, water, and dietary fibre in correct proportion. Lack of intake of nutrients over a period of time may lead to a condition called malnutrition.
Mal nutrition is caused by the consumption of food that does not provide all essential nutrients to the body in sufficient amounts. It may also results if one consumes junk food frequently. Fried foods and sugary drinks make us feel full but do not provide us with all the nutrients required by the body in the right amount. This may lead to several health problems such as obesity, heart diseases, and other deficiency diseases.
4. Hereditary disease.
= Diseases that are inherited from parents are called hereditary diseases. Haemophilia is an example of a hereditary disease in which the blood oozing out from a cut or a wound fails to clot. Its occurrence is more common in men than in women.
5. Anaemia.
= Anaemia is caused due to the deficiency of iron. Symptoms of anaemia are weak teeth and bones, bow legs. Recommended diet for preventing anaemia are green leafy vegetables such as spinach and lettuce, fruits such as apple, banana.
J. Short answer questions.
1. Define communicable and non-communicable diseases.
= Diseases that can spread from one person to another are called communicable diseases. Communicable diseases are caused by microbes such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
Diseases that do not spread from one person to another are called non-communicable diseases.
2. Why should food not be left uncovered?
= Food should not be left uncovered to stop the vectors like flies and mosquitoes sit on it and spread germs on it.
3. Do vectors get infected with the disease of the germs they carry? Give reasons.
= Yes. Vectors get infected with the disease of the germs they carry. Vectors generally transmit germs by blood. They suck the blood of the infected person and the germ enter into their body and they also get infected. Then the vector injects the germ into a healthy person's blood.
4. How do landfills contaminate the environment?
= Landfills are shallow areas where waste is dumped in layers. Harmful chemicals and gases escape from the landfills and contaminate the environment. They also contaminate the groundwater. Landfills attract pests and scavengers. Often, garbage in the landfills catches fires, leading to smoke and other harmful air pollutants. Incinerators burn the wastes but this results in the release of harmful gases like SO2, NO2, etc.
5. What are deficiency diseases? Give two examples.
= A disease caused due to lack of one or more essential nutrients in the diet is known as a deficiency disease. Example - Kwashiorkor, Marasmus, Night blindness, Beriberi, Scurvy etc.
K. Long answer questions.
1. Explain how a healthy person can be infected by malaria.
= The germs responsible for diseases such as malaria are present inside the body of certain organisms, e.g., Anopheles mosquitoes. These organisms come in contact with healthy people and transmit the germs by biting them. This way a healthy person can be infected by malaria.
2. Write the names of any four diseases caused by bacteria, their mode of transmission and one symptom of each disease.
=
|
Name |
Mode of transmission |
Symptom |
|---|---|---|
|
Tuberculosis |
Droplet infection |
Chest pain, |
|
Plague |
Carried by rodents, mostly rats, spread to humans through flea bites |
Swollen lymph nodes, blood clots all over the body |
|
Typhoid |
Contaminated food and water |
Fever, |
|
Cholera |
Contaminated food and water |
Frequent diarrhoea and vomiting of clear liquid, |
3. List five ways of keeping our body clean.
= Five ways to keep our body clean are -
❐ We should bath regularly with clean water, apply a good soap, and dry ourselves with a clean towel.
❐ We should always wash our hands with soap before taking meals and after using the toilet.
❐ We should wear clean clothes everyday.
❐ We should wash our clothes regularly.
❐ We should always carry a clean handkerchief with us.
4. Describe how compost can be made from kitchen or garden wastes.
= Composting is done by collecting biodegradable green waste and putting them into a pit or a bucket in a layer. This layer is then covered with another layer of moist soil. Over a couple of months, due to the action of the decomposers, the organic waste breaks down into simple nutrients and turns into useful manure, ready to be used in the garden for growing healthy plants. When earthworms are added into this heap, they speed up the decomposition of organic mater.
5. Name the disease caused due to deficiency of the following minerals in the diet.
Mention the symptoms for each disease:
a. Iodine.
= Disease - Goitre.
Symptoms - Thyroid glands of the neck are swollen (in adults); mental disability and dwarfism (in children).
b. Calcium.
= Disease - Osteoporosis in adults, rickets in children.
Symptoms - Weak teeth and bones, bow legs.
c. Iron.
= Disease - Anaemia;
Symptoms - Pale complexion, tiredness, weakness.
PICTURE STUDY
1. Observe the picture A and B answer the questions.
a. Identify the diseases in A and B.
= A - Rickets;
B - Goitre;
b. Are the diseases depicted here communicable or non-communicable?
Give a reason to support your answer.
= The diseases are non-communicable diseases. They are actually deficiency diseases.
c. State the cause and symptoms of these diseases.
= Rickets is caused due to the deficiency of Vitamin D. Goitre is caused due to the deficiency of Iodine.
The symptoms of rickets is deformed bones of legs, weakness and soft bones.
The symptoms of goitre is thyroid glands of the neck are swollen (in adults), mental disability and dwarfism (in children).
2. Observe the pictures A and B and answer the questions.
a. Describe the two important healthy habits that are depicted in the figures above.
= A - Reading on a table or desk is a good habit. We should not read in dim light as it can strain our eye muscles. The reading material should be held at least 25-30 cm away from our eyes.
B - Combing our hair is a good habit. It keeps our hair clean.
b. Why is it important to maintain personal hygiene?
= It is important to maintain personal hygiene to keep ourselves clean and stop spreading of diseases.
c. List any one habit (other than the ones shown here) that should be maintained in order to take care of our;
a) Eyes.
= We should not spend long hours working on the computer or watching shows on television.
b) Teeth.
= We should brush our teeth at least twice daily.
c) Hair.
= We should wash our hair regularly with a mild shampoo.