Expansion of the British Rule
(Longman Pearson)
Review Exercise
I. Fill in the blanks.
1. Hyder Ali became the ruler of Mysore state in 1761.
2. Through the Treaty of Mangalore both the British and Tipu Sultan agreed to return the conquered territories and the prisoners of war.
3. The Treaty of Lahore was signed between British and Lahore Durbar.
4. The state of Mysore was destroyed after the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.
5. The Fourth Maratha War broke out between the Marathas and the British, under Lord Wellesley.
6. The defeat of the Marathas made the British a supreme power in India.
7. The policy of expansion devised by Lord Dalhousie was called the Doctrine of Lapse.
8. Pratap Singh, a descendant of Shivaji , was put on the throne of Satara by the British.
9. States such as Tanjore, Indore and Udaipur were brought under the British control by the system of Subsidiary Alliance.
10. A British official called resident was also stationed at the court of the Indian rulers.
11. The Treaty of Seringapatam was signed after the Third Anglo-Mysore war.
12. The Marathas became a powerful force under the guidance of Nana Phadnavis.
13. Dalhousie was the Governor General of the British when the Second Anglo-Sikh war broke out.
II. Choose the correct option.
1. During the First Anglo-Maratha War the British supported the claims of _________ .
a) Madhav Rao. [ ]
b) Narayan Rao. [ ]
c) Swami Madhavrao. [ ]
d) Raghunath Rao. [✓]
2. ________ signed the Subsidiary Alliance with Lord Wellesley in order to secure his position as the Peshwa.
a) Baji Rao II. [✓]
b) Narayan Rao. [ ]
c) Raghunath Rao. [ ]
d) Madhav Rao II. [ ]
3. The Second Anglo-Mysore War ended with the Treaty of _______ .
a) Mangalore. [✓]
b) Seringapatam. [ ]
c) Salabai. [ ]
d) Lahore. [ ]
4. Nagpur was brought under the British rule through the Doctrine of Lapse in _______ .
a) 1848. [ ]
b) 1854. [✓]
c) 1852. [ ]
d) 1849. [ ]
5. The Doctrine of Lapse was formulated by Governor General ________ .
a) Robert Clive. [ ]
b) Lord Cornwallis. [ ]
c) Lord Wellesley. [ ]
d) Lord Dalhousie. [✓]
III. Answer these questions.
1. Who were the allies of Hyder Ali during the Second Anglo-Mysore war? What were the consequences of the war?
= The Nizams and the Marathas were the allies of Hyder Ali during the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
Initially, the combined army managed to defeat the British. Later, Warren Hastings bribed the Nizam of Hyderabad and signed a treaty with the Mysore. Hyder Ali was defeated and died in 1782. His son Tipu Sultan continued the War. In 1784, the Treaty of Mangalore between the two parties ended the war. Both agreed to returned the conquered territories and the prisoners of war.
2. What were the causes and results of the Third Anglo-Mysore War?
= It was fought between Tipu Sultan and the British. Tipu tried to seek alliances of foreign powers against the British, and for that purpose, sent his ambassadors to France and Turkey. The British Governor General Lord Cornwallis was convinced of the necessity of subducting Tipu Sultan. The Marathas and the Nizam too were jealous of his growing power.
The Treaty of Seringapatam was signed in March 1792. Tipu Sultan had to surrender half of his territory, which was distributed between the British, Nizam and the Marathas. He also paid a huge war indemnity to the British. Tipu Sultan also had to leave his two sons as hostages with the British.
3. Why were the British successful against the Marathas?
= The British got to interfere in the internal affairs of Marathas when Raghunath Rao asked the British for help to fulfil his cause. Under Lord Wellesley, the company once again got an opportunity to interfere in the internal affairs of the Marathas. They managed the Maratha rulers to accept the Subsidiary Alliance. They had to surrender large areas of their territory.
4. What were the causes behind the Second Anglo-Sikh War?
= The disrespectful behaviour of the British towards Rani Jindan displeased the Sikhs. They were restless because of the growing British control over Punjab. The British on the other hand, were anxious to occupy Punjab. Dalhousie, the new governor general, was an imperialist. He was simply looking for a pretext to annex Punjab. In 1848, a number of revolts broke out in Punjab and this gave him an opportunity to interfere.
5. What was the outcome of the Second Anglo-Maratha war?
= The Scindhias and the Bhonsles declared war on the British, but were defeated. The British signed various treaties with the Marathas. Scindhias and Bhonsles accepted the subsidiary Alliance. They had to surrender large areas of their territory.
6. Write a short note on the system of Subsidiary Alliance. Which states were brought under the British control through this system?
= The Subsidiary Alliance was the most effective instrument for the expansion of the British territory and political influence in India. The system was perfected by Lord Wellesley to subjugate the Indian States.
❐ It was the practice of forcing the negative rulers to keep a large British force within their territories and pay for its maintenance.
❐ In lieu of the payment sometimes a part of the ruler's territory was ceded to the British.
❐ A British official called resident was also placed at the court of the ruler. The rulers could not empty any European official in their court.
The states brought under the British control by this system were Hyderabad (1798 and 1800), Tanjore (1799), Awadh (1801), Gwalior (1804), Indore (1817), Udaipur, Jaipur and Jodhpur (1818).
7. Who formulated the idea of Subsidiary Alliance and which states signed this treaty?
= Lord Wellesley formulated the idea of Subsidiary Alliance.
The states of Hyderabad, Tanjore, Awadh, Gwalior, Indore, Udaipur, Jaipur and Jodhpur signed this treaty.
8. Explain the internal political condition of the Marathas before the First Anglo-Maratha War took place?
= After the death of Madhav Rao, his brother Narayan Rao become the Peshwa. But he was assassinated by Raghunath Rao, his uncle. Then Raghunath Rao became the Peshwa. However, all the Maratha chiefs recognised Sawai Madhavrao, the son of Narayan Rao, who was born after his death, as the real Peshwa, under the leadership of Nana Phadnavis the Maratha chiefs were united. Raghunath Rao asked the British for help to fulfil his cause.
9. What were the terms of the Treaty of Lahore?
= The terms of the treaty left the Sikhs weak. Almost two thirds of the Sikh Kingdom, including the area of Kashmir, fell into the hands of the British. The British later sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh, a Dogra chief.
10. What were the results of the Second Anglo-Sikh War?
= The Second Anglo-Sikh war was the last wat fought by the British within the frontiers of India for the extension of their empire.
❐ Dalhousie defeated the Punjab army and annexed the Kingdom on 29 March 1849.
❐ He declared that the Kingdom of Punjab did not exist of Maharaja Dalip Singh were henceforth, a portion of the British Empire in India.
❐ Maharaja Dalip Singh was granted a pension of rupees four to five lakh annually. He, along with his mother, Rani Jindan, was deported to England.
11. What were the reasons behind the Second Anglo-Maratha War?
= The internal affairs of the Marathas deteriorated, after the end of the first Maratha War. Nana Phadnavis' growing desire for power, coupled with rivalries among the Maratha chief's, hampered the Maratha State. Under Lord Wellesley, the company once again got an opportunity to interfere in the internal affairs of the Marathas.
After the death of Sawai Madhav Rao in 1795, Baji Rao II became the Peshwa. He had to face internal strife after the death of Nana Phadnavis. In order to secure his position, Baji Rao II signed the Subsidiary Alliance with Lord Wellesley. But other fractions of the Marathas refused to agree to the terms of the policy.
12. Who was Nana Phadnavis?
= After the third battle of Panipat (1761) the Maratha Empire broke into five independent centres of power. Under Nana Phadnavis there was a revival of the Maratha confederacy. Under the leadership of him the Maratha chiefs were united.
13. Why did the First Anglo-Mysore War take place?
= Hyder Ali's growing power created jealousy among the other Deccan Powers such as the Marathas and the Nizams. They, along with the British, formed an alliance against Hyder Ali. However, he diplomatically won over the Nizams and the Marathas to his side. He gave a crushing defeat to the British forces in the First Anglo-Mysore War.
14. What were the terms of the Treaty of Seringapatam?
= Tipu Sultan had to surrender half of his territory, which was distributed between the British, Nizam and the Marathas. He also paid a huge war indemnity to the British. Tipu Sultan also had to leave his two sons as hostages with the British.
15. Explain the instruments of expansion used by the British in India.
= The British supremacy was established by two main instruments - direct annexation and indirect methods of Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse.
Subsidiary Alliance : The Subsidiary Alliance was the most effective instrument for the expansion of the British territory and political influence in India. The system was perfected by Lord Wellesley to subjugate the Indian states. It was the practice of forcing the native rulers to keep a large British force within their territories and pay for its maintenance.
Doctrine of Lapse : In the Indian tradition, a ruler who did not have a son could adopt a near relative as his son. The British acquired the right to sanction or refuse such a adoption by a dependent Indian ruler. This method of annexation of the Indian territories was known as the Doctrine of Lapse which was formulated by Lord Dalhousie (governor general of India, 1848 - 1855). During Lord Dalhousie's time, many rulers of the dependent Indian states (particularly those that had signed the Subsidiary Alliance) died without leaving male heirs. Such states were mercilessly annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse. Satara, Jaitpur, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Jhansi and Nagpur were victims of this policy.
IV. Write short notes.
1. Treaty of Seringapatam.
= Tipu Sultan fought the Third Anglo-Mysore War brilliantly for two years but was defeated in 1792. The Treaty of Seringapatam was signed in March 1792. Tipu Sultan had to surrender half of his territory, which was distributed between the British, Nizam and the Marathas. He also paid a huge war indemnity to the British. Tipu Sultan also had to leave his two sons as hostages with the British.
2. Subsidiary Alliance.
= Subsidiary Alliance : The Subsidiary Alliance was the most effective instrument for the expansion of the British territory and political influence in India. The system was perfected by Lord Wellesley to subjugate the Indian states. It was the practice of forcing the native rulers to keep a large British force within their territories and pay for its maintenance.
3. Treaty of Lahore.
= The Treaty of Lahore was signed between the British and the Lahore Durbar in March 1846. The terms of the treaty left the Sikhs weak. Almost two thirds of the Sikh Kingdom, including the area of Kashmir, fell into the hands of the British. The British later sold Kashmir to Gulab Singh, a Dogra chief.
V. Match the columns.
=
|
1. Treaty of Seringapatam |
a. 1792. [1] |
|
2. Dalip Singh |
b. 1784. [3] |
|
3. Treaty of Mangalore |
c. son of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. [2] |
|
4. Treaty of Lahore |
d. Dogra chief. [5] |
|
5. Gulab Singh |
e. 1846. [4] |
VI. State whether true or false.
1. Tipu Sultan died fighting the Second Anglo-Mysore War. [F]
2. Rani Jindan was a puppet in the hands of the British. [F]
3. Maharaja Dalip Singh and his mother, Rani Jindan, were deported to England after the Second Anglo-Sikh War. [T]
4. Punjab was annexed by Dalhousie. [T]
5. Tipu Sultan won the Third Anglo-Mysore War. [F]
6. Gwalior and Indore were brought under British control by the Subsidiary Alliance. [T]